Patient Safety and Health Workforce Training: Identifying Curriculum Gaps and Development Needs

Crossmark

Click to verify publication status

Authors

  • Fatima S a. Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Rafique O b. Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Shaukat Waseem c. Faculty of Business & Economics, Imperial College of Business Studies, Pakistan

Keywords:

Patient Safety, Health Workforce, Training, Graduate Curricula, Quality of Health Services

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to explore the association of healthcare workforce training with patient safety in public and private hospitals of Pakistan. In particular, it needs to determine any gap in curricula and the necessary development in training programs that could enhance patient safety practices.
Methods: Survey conducted on 500 healthcare professionals working in Pakistan tested PATH through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyzing six variables likely to impact patient safety outcomes.
Findings: The findings indicate that training quality, worker preparedness, and organizational support measure as strong predictors of improved patient safety outcomes. In addition, workforce readiness was a complete mediator between other independent variables and patient safety enhancements. Two issues identified as keys to more effective patient safety practices were both curriculum gaps between patient safety knowledge and training standardization.
Novelty: The research illuminates the areas of curriculum deficits in the healthcare workforce training systems across Pakistan that limit the extent to which patients are safe. For example, this research emphasises the importance of workforce readiness to addressing these gaps and ultimately achieving better safety outcomes. Finally, the application of SEM to assess complex relationships between variables represents another methodological contribution of this study.
Research Implications: These findings suggest that there is a need in Pakistan for quality improvement of curricula, standardization of training programs, and better work readiness among new graduates of healthcare training programs. Closing these curriculum gaps with deliberate intention will pave the way for creating a culture of safety within healthcare organizations and ultimately to better patient care outcomes

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Fatima S, a. Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

    Fatima S

    Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

  • Rafique O, b. Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Dr Rafique O

    Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

  • Shaukat Waseem, c. Faculty of Business & Economics, Imperial College of Business Studies, Pakistan

    Dr Shaukat Waseem
    Faculty of Business & Economics, Imperial College of Business Studies, Pakistan

References

Al-Worafi, Y. M., & Alakhali, K. M. (2023). Healthcare Workforce Issues in Developing Countries: Nursing BT - Handbook of Medical and Health Sciences in Developing Countries : Education, Practice, and Research (Y. M. Al-Worafi (ed.); pp. 1–22). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_214-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_214-1

Bird, J. A., Leonard, S., Groetch, M., Assa’ad, A., Cianferoni, A., Clark, A., Crain, M., Fausnight, T., Fleischer, D., Green, T., Greenhawt, M., Herbert, L., Lanser, B. J., Mikhail, I., Mustafa, S., Noone, S., Parrish, C., Varshney, P., Vlieg-Boerstra, B., … Nowak-Wegrzyn, A. (2020). Conducting an Oral Food Challenge: An Update to the 2009 Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee Work Group Report. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8(1), 75-90.e17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.09.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.09.029

Boamah, S. A., Spence Laschinger, H. K., Wong, C., & Clarke, S. (2018). Effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and patient safety outcomes. Nursing Outlook, 66(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2017.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2017.10.004

Bvumbwe, T., & Mtshali, N. (2018). Nursing education challenges and solutions in Sub Saharan Africa: an integrative review. BMC Nursing, 17(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-018-0272-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-018-0272-4

Byrne, A., Barber, R., & Lim, C. H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic – a mental health service perspective. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 25(2), 27-33b. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pnp.708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pnp.708

Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T. B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Hundt, A. S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R., & Gurses, A. P. (2014). Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety. Applied Ergonomics, 45(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.023

Couper, I., Ray, S., Blaauw, D., Ng’wena, G., Muchiri, L., Oyungu, E., Omigbodun, A., Morhason-Bello, I., Ibingira, C., Tumwine, J., Conco, D., & Fonn, S. (2018). Curriculum and training needs of mid-level health workers in Africa: a situational review from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 553. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3362-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3362-9

DiMarino, L. M., Boppana, R. C., Pincavage, A. T., Hemmer, P., Ferris, A., Chandrasekar, J., Choe, J., Dentino, A., Forster, R., Masucci, N., Carbajal, D. R., Surkis, W., Ward, K., O, V., & Ayyala, U. S. (2023). AAIM Recommendations for Undergraduate Medical Education to Graduate Medical Education Transition Curricula in Internal Medicine. The American Journal of Medicine, 136(5), 489–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.02.002

Ente, C., & Ukpe, M. (2022). Quality Management BT - Essentials for Quality and Safety Improvement in Health Care : A Resource for Developing Countries (C. Ente & M. Ukpe (eds.); pp. 137–165). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92482-9_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92482-9_6

Ford, E. C., & Evans, S. B. (2018). Incident learning in radiation oncology: A review. Medical Physics, 45(5), e100–e119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12800

Gashu, K. D. (2024). The Digital Ecosystem and Major Public Health Informatics Initiatives in Resource-Limited Settings BT - Public Health Informatics: Implementation and Governance in Resource-Limited Settings (K. D. Gashu, Z. A. Mekonnen, M. A. Chanyalew, & H. A. Guadie (eds.); pp. 97–140). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71118-3_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71118-3_4

González-Gil, M. T., González-Blázquez, C., Parro-Moreno, A. I., Pedraz-Marcos, A., Palmar-Santos, A., Otero-García, L., Navarta-Sánchez, M. V., Alcolea-Cosín, M. T., Argüello-López, M. T., Canalejas-Pérez, C., Carrillo-Camacho, M. E., Casillas-Santana, M. L., Díaz-Martínez, M. L., García-González, A., García-Perea, E., Martínez-Marcos, M., Martínez-Martín, M. L., Palazuelos-Puerta, M. del P., Sellán-Soto, C., & Oter-Quintana, C. (2021). Nurses’ perceptions and demands regarding COVID-19 care delivery in critical care units and hospital emergency services. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 62, 102966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102966

Gullick, J., Lin, F., Massey, D., Wilson, L., Greenwood, M., Skylas, K., Woodard, M., Tembo, A. C., Mitchell, M., & Gill, F. J. (2019). Structures, processes and outcomes of specialist critical care nurse education: An integrative review. Australian Critical Care, 32(4), 331–345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2018.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2018.09.007

Harris, D. C. H., Davies, S. J., Finkelstein, F. O., Jha, V., Donner, J.-A., Abraham, G., Bello, A. K., Caskey, F. J., Garcia, G. G., Harden, P., Hemmelgarn, B., Johnson, D. W., Levin, N. W., Luyckx, V. A., Martin, D. E., McCulloch, M. I., Moosa, M. R., O’Connell, P. J., Okpechi, I. G., … Zhao, M.-H. (2019). Increasing access to integrated ESKD care as part of universal health coverage. Kidney International, 95(4, Supplement), S1–S33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.12.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.12.005

Hays, R. B., Ramani, S., & Hassell, A. (2020). Healthcare systems and the sciences of health professional education. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 25(5), 1149–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-020-10010-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-020-10010-1

Jain, S., Nehra, M., Kumar, R., Dilbaghi, N., Hu, T., Kumar, S., Kaushik, A., & Li, C. (2021). Internet of medical things (IoMT)-integrated biosensors for point-of-care testing of infectious diseases. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 179, 113074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113074

Kachali, H., Haavisto, I., Leskelä, R.-L., Väljä, A., & Nuutinen, M. (2022). Are preparedness indices reflective of pandemic preparedness? A COVID-19 reality check. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 77, 103074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103074

Kalra, J., Kalra, N., & Baniak, N. (2013). Medical error, disclosure and patient safety: A global view of quality care. Clinical Biochemistry, 46(13), 1161–1169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.025

Khalil, M., & Alameddine, M. (2020). Recruitment and retention strategies, policies, and their barriers: A narrative review in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Health Science Reports, 3(4), e192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.192

Kirwan, M., Riklikiene, O., Gotlib, J., Fuster, P., & Borta, M. (2019). Regulation and current status of patient safety content in pre-registration nurse education in 27 countries: Findings from the Rationing - Missed nursing care (RANCARE) COST Action project. Nurse Education in Practice, 37, 132–140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.04.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.04.013

Lam Ung, C. O., Kbar, N., Aslani, P., Smith, L., Gelissen, I. C., & Harnett, J. E. (2023). Pharmacy education in traditional and complementary medicines – A systematic review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 19(10), 1331–1353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.07.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.07.007

Lamberti-Castronuovo, A., Valente, M., Barone-Adesi, F., Hubloue, I., & Ragazzoni, L. (2022). Primary health care disaster preparedness: A review of the literature and the proposal of a new framework. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 81, 103278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103278

Leape, L., Berwick, D., Clancy, C., Conway, J., Gluck, P., Guest, J., Lawrence, D., Morath, J., Leary, D. O., Neill, P. O., Pinakiewicz, D., Isaac, T., & Leape, L. (2009). Transforming healthcare : a safety imperative. 424–428. https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2009.036954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2009.036954

Liu, X., Zheng, J., Liu, K., Baggs, J. G., Liu, J., Wu, Y., & You, L. (2018). Hospital nursing organizational factors, nursing care left undone, and nurse burnout as predictors of patient safety: A structural equation modeling analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 86, 82–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.05.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.05.005

McKellar, L., Graham, K., Sheehan, A., Fleet, J.-A., Sidebotham, M., & Sweet, L. (2023). Examining the transformation of midwifery education in Australia to inform future directions: An integrative review. Women and Birth, 36(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2022.11.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2022.11.010

Olaniyan, O. T., Dare, A., Okoli, B., Adetunji, C. O., Ibitoye, B. O., Okotie, G. E., & Eweoya, O. (2022). Increase in SARS-CoV-2 infected biomedical waste among low middle-income countries: environmental sustainability and impact with health implications. 33(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0533

Pierce, J., Apisarnthanarak, A., Schellack, N., Cornistein, W., Maani, A. Al, Adnan, S., & Stevens, M. P. (2020). Global Antimicrobial Stewardship with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A position statement for the international society for infectious diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 621–629. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.126

Risser, D. T., Rice, M. M., Salisbury, M. L., Simon, R., Jay, G. D., & Berns, S. D. (1999). The Potential for Improved Teamwork to Reduce Medical Errors in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 34(3), 373–383. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70134-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70134-4

Sever, M. S., Luyckx, V., Tonelli, M., Kazancioglu, R., Rodgers, D., Gallego, D., Tuglular, S., & Vanholder, R. (2023). Disasters and kidney care: pitfalls and solutions. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 19(10), 672–686. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00743-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00743-8

Shamim, S., Rasheed, H., & Babar, Z.-U.-D. (2021). Continuing professional development for pharmacists in three countries with developing health systems. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 13(5), 471–478. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2021.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2021.01.002

Sheehan, P., Joy, A., Fleming, A., Vosper, H., & McCarthy, S. (2022). Human factors and patient safety in undergraduate healthcare education: A systematic review. Human Factors in Healthcare, 2, 100019. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2022.100019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2022.100019

Sherwood, G., Jones, C. B., Conklin, J. L., & Dodd, A. (2023). Quality and safety education for nurses: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 55(5), 914–925. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12876

Shrestha, N., Mishra, S. R., Ghimire, S., Gyawali, B., Marahatta, S. B., Maskey, S., Baral, S., Shrestha, N., Yadav, R., Pokharel, S., & Adhikari, B. (2022). Health System Preparedness for COVID-19 and Its Impacts on Frontline Health-Care Workers in Nepal: A Qualitative Study Among Frontline Health-Care Workers and Policy-Makers. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(6), 2560–2568. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2021.204

Summers, P. J., Hellman, J. L., MacLean, M. R., Rees, V. W., & Wilkes, M. S. (2018). Negative experiences of pain and withdrawal create barriers to abscess care for people who inject heroin. A mixed methods analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 200–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.010

Van Horn, L., Lenders, C. M., Pratt, C. A., Beech, B., Carney, P. A., Dietz, W., DiMaria-Ghalili, R., Harlan, T., Hash, R., Kohlmeier, M., Kolasa, K., Krebs, N. F., Kushner, R. F., Lieh-Lai, M., Lindsley, J., Meacham, S., Nicastro, H., Nowson, C., Palmer, C., … Lynch, C. (2019). Advancing Nutrition Education, Training, and Research for Medical Students, Residents, Fellows, Attending Physicians, and Other Clinicians: Building Competencies and Interdisciplinary Coordination. Advances in Nutrition, 10(6), 1181–1200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz083

Wood, C., Chaboyer, W., & Carr, P. (2019). How do nurses use early warning scoring systems to detect and act on patient deterioration to ensure patient safety? A scoping review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 94, 166–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.03.012

Published

2024-10-10

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Shumayleh, F., Othman, R., & Waseem, S. (2024). Patient Safety and Health Workforce Training: Identifying Curriculum Gaps and Development Needs. Safety and Health for Medical Workers, 1(3), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.69725/shmw.v1i3.152

Share

Similar Articles

1-10 of 19

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.